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</head>
<body class="manpage">
<div id="header">
<h1>giteveryday(7) Manual Page</h1>
<h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<p>giteveryday - A useful minimum set of commands for Everyday Git</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Everyday Git With 20 Commands Or So</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Git users can broadly be grouped into four categories for the purposes of
describing here a small set of useful commands for everyday Git.</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="#STANDALONE">Individual Developer (Standalone)</a> commands are essential
for anybody who makes a commit, even for somebody who works alone.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>If you work with other people, you will need commands listed in
the <a href="#PARTICIPANT">Individual Developer (Participant)</a> section as well.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>People who play the <a href="#INTEGRATOR">Integrator</a> role need to learn some
more commands in addition to the above.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="#ADMINISTRATION">Repository Administration</a> commands are for system
administrators who are responsible for the care and feeding
of Git repositories.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_individual_developer_standalone">Individual Developer (Standalone)<a id="STANDALONE"></a></h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A standalone individual developer does not exchange patches with
other people, and works alone in a single repository, using the
following commands.</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="git-init.html">git-init(1)</a> to create a new repository.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a> to see what happened.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="git-switch.html">git-switch(1)</a> and <a href="git-branch.html">git-branch(1)</a> to switch
branches.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="git-add.html">git-add(1)</a> to manage the index file.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a> and <a href="git-status.html">git-status(1)</a> to see what
you are in the middle of doing.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a> to advance the current branch.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="git-restore.html">git-restore(1)</a> to undo changes.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="git-merge.html">git-merge(1)</a> to merge between local branches.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="git-rebase.html">git-rebase(1)</a> to maintain topic branches.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="git-tag.html">git-tag(1)</a> to mark a known point.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_examples">Examples</h3>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">Use a tarball as a starting point for a new repository.</dt>
<dd>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ tar zxf frotz.tar.gz
$ cd frotz
$ git init
$ git add . <b class="conum">(1)</b>
$ git commit -m "import of frotz source tree."
$ git tag v2.43 <b class="conum">(2)</b></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="colist arabic">
<ol>
<li>
<p>add everything under the current directory.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>make a lightweight, unannotated tag.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Create a topic branch and develop.</dt>
<dd>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ git switch -c alsa-audio <b class="conum">(1)</b>
$ edit/compile/test
$ git restore curses/ux_audio_oss.c <b class="conum">(2)</b>
$ git add curses/ux_audio_alsa.c <b class="conum">(3)</b>
$ edit/compile/test
$ git diff HEAD <b class="conum">(4)</b>
$ git commit -a -s <b class="conum">(5)</b>
$ edit/compile/test
$ git diff HEAD^ <b class="conum">(6)</b>
$ git commit -a --amend <b class="conum">(7)</b>
$ git switch master <b class="conum">(8)</b>
$ git merge alsa-audio <b class="conum">(9)</b>
$ git log --since='3 days ago' <b class="conum">(10)</b>
$ git log v2.43.. curses/ <b class="conum">(11)</b></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="colist arabic">
<ol>
<li>
<p>create a new topic branch.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>revert your botched changes in <code>curses/ux_audio_oss.c</code>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>you need to tell Git if you added a new file; removal and
modification will be caught if you do <code>git</code> <code>commit</code> <code>-a</code> later.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>to see what changes you are committing.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>commit everything, as you have tested, with your sign-off.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>look at all your changes including the previous commit.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>amend the previous commit, adding all your new changes,
using your original message.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>switch to the master branch.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>merge a topic branch into your master branch.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>review commit logs; other forms to limit output can be
combined and include <code>-10</code> (to show up to 10 commits),
<code>--until=2005-12-10</code>, etc.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>view only the changes that touch what&#8217;s in <code>curses/</code>
directory, since <code>v2.43</code> tag.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_individual_developer_participant">Individual Developer (Participant)<a id="PARTICIPANT"></a></h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A developer working as a participant in a group project needs to
learn how to communicate with others, and uses these commands in
addition to the ones needed by a standalone developer.</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="git-clone.html">git-clone(1)</a> from the upstream to prime your local
repository.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="git-pull.html">git-pull(1)</a> and <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a> from "origin"
to keep up-to-date with the upstream.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="git-push.html">git-push(1)</a> to shared repository, if you adopt CVS
style shared repository workflow.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="git-format-patch.html">git-format-patch(1)</a> to prepare e-mail submission, if
you adopt Linux kernel-style public forum workflow.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="git-send-email.html">git-send-email(1)</a> to send your e-mail submission without
corruption by your MUA.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="git-request-pull.html">git-request-pull(1)</a> to create a summary of changes
for your upstream to pull.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_examples_2">Examples</h3>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">Clone the upstream and work on it.  Feed changes to upstream.</dt>
<dd>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/.../torvalds/linux-2.6 my2.6
$ cd my2.6
$ git switch -c mine master <b class="conum">(1)</b>
$ edit/compile/test; git commit -a -s <b class="conum">(2)</b>
$ git format-patch master <b class="conum">(3)</b>
$ git send-email --to="person &lt;email@example.com&gt;" 00*.patch <b class="conum">(4)</b>
$ git switch master <b class="conum">(5)</b>
$ git pull <b class="conum">(6)</b>
$ git log -p ORIG_HEAD.. arch/i386 include/asm-i386 <b class="conum">(7)</b>
$ git ls-remote --heads http://git.kernel.org/.../jgarzik/libata-dev.git <b class="conum">(8)</b>
$ git pull git://git.kernel.org/pub/.../jgarzik/libata-dev.git ALL <b class="conum">(9)</b>
$ git reset --hard ORIG_HEAD <b class="conum">(10)</b>
$ git gc <b class="conum">(11)</b></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="colist arabic">
<ol>
<li>
<p>checkout a new branch <code>mine</code> from master.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>repeat as needed.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>extract patches from your branch, relative to master,</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>and email them.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>return to <code>master</code>, ready to see what&#8217;s new</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>git</code> <code>pull</code> fetches from <code>origin</code> by default and merges into the
current branch.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>immediately after pulling, look at the changes done upstream
since last time we checked, only in the
area we are interested in.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>check the branch names in an external repository (if not known).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>fetch from a specific branch <code>ALL</code> from a specific repository
and merge it.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>revert the pull.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>garbage collect leftover objects from reverted pull.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Push into another repository.</dt>
<dd>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>satellite$ git clone mothership:frotz frotz <b class="conum">(1)</b>
satellite$ cd frotz
satellite$ git config --get-regexp '^(remote|branch)\.' <b class="conum">(2)</b>
remote.origin.url mothership:frotz
remote.origin.fetch refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*
branch.master.remote origin
branch.master.merge refs/heads/master
satellite$ git config remote.origin.push \
           +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/satellite/* <b class="conum">(3)</b>
satellite$ edit/compile/test/commit
satellite$ git push origin <b class="conum">(4)</b>

mothership$ cd frotz
mothership$ git switch master
mothership$ git merge satellite/master <b class="conum">(5)</b></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="colist arabic">
<ol>
<li>
<p>mothership machine has a frotz repository under your home
directory; clone from it to start a repository on the satellite
machine.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>clone sets these configuration variables by default.
It arranges <code>git</code> <code>pull</code> to fetch and store the branches of mothership
machine to local <code>remotes/origin/*</code> remote-tracking branches.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>arrange <code>git</code> <code>push</code> to push all local branches to
their corresponding branch of the mothership machine.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>push will stash all our work away on <code>remotes/satellite/*</code>
remote-tracking branches on the mothership machine.  You could use this
as a back-up method. Likewise, you can pretend that mothership
"fetched" from you (useful when access is one sided).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>on mothership machine, merge the work done on the satellite
machine into the master branch.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Branch off of a specific tag.</dt>
<dd>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ git switch -c private2.6.14 v2.6.14 <b class="conum">(1)</b>
$ edit/compile/test; git commit -a
$ git checkout master
$ git cherry-pick v2.6.14..private2.6.14 <b class="conum">(2)</b></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="colist arabic">
<ol>
<li>
<p>create a private branch based on a well known (but somewhat behind)
tag.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>forward port all changes in <code>private2.6.14</code> branch to <code>master</code> branch
without a formal "merging". Or longhand<br/>
<code>git</code> <code>format-patch</code> <code>-k</code> <code>-m</code> <code>--stdout</code> <code>v2.6.14</code><code>..</code><code>private2.6.14</code> |
  <code>git</code> <code>am</code> <code>-3</code> <code>-k</code></p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>An alternate participant submission mechanism is using the
<code>git</code> <code>request-pull</code> or pull-request mechanisms (e.g. as used on
GitHub (www.github.com) to notify your upstream of your
contribution.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_integrator">Integrator<a id="INTEGRATOR"></a></h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A fairly central person acting as the integrator in a group
project receives changes made by others, reviews and integrates
them and publishes the result for others to use, using these
commands in addition to the ones needed by participants.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This section can also be used by those who respond to <code>git</code>
<code>request-pull</code> or pull-request on GitHub (www.github.com) to
integrate the work of others into their history. A sub-area
lieutenant for a repository will act both as a participant and
as an integrator.</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="git-am.html">git-am(1)</a> to apply patches e-mailed in from your
contributors.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="git-pull.html">git-pull(1)</a> to merge from your trusted lieutenants.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="git-format-patch.html">git-format-patch(1)</a> to prepare and send suggested
alternative to contributors.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="git-revert.html">git-revert(1)</a> to undo botched commits.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="git-push.html">git-push(1)</a> to publish the bleeding edge.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_examples_3">Examples</h3>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">A typical integrator&#8217;s Git day.</dt>
<dd>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ git status <b class="conum">(1)</b>
$ git branch --no-merged master <b class="conum">(2)</b>
$ mailx <b class="conum">(3)</b>
&amp; s 2 3 4 5 ./+to-apply
&amp; s 7 8 ./+hold-linus
&amp; q
$ git switch -c topic/one master
$ git am -3 -i -s ./+to-apply <b class="conum">(4)</b>
$ compile/test
$ git switch -c hold/linus &amp;&amp; git am -3 -i -s ./+hold-linus <b class="conum">(5)</b>
$ git switch topic/one &amp;&amp; git rebase master <b class="conum">(6)</b>
$ git switch -C seen next <b class="conum">(7)</b>
$ git merge topic/one topic/two &amp;&amp; git merge hold/linus <b class="conum">(8)</b>
$ git switch maint
$ git cherry-pick master~4 <b class="conum">(9)</b>
$ compile/test
$ git tag -s -m "GIT 0.99.9x" v0.99.9x <b class="conum">(10)</b>
$ git fetch ko &amp;&amp; for branch in master maint next seen <b class="conum">(11)</b>
    do
        git show-branch ko/$branch $branch <b class="conum">(12)</b>
    done
$ git push --follow-tags ko <b class="conum">(13)</b></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="colist arabic">
<ol>
<li>
<p>see what you were in the middle of doing, if anything.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>see which branches haven&#8217;t been merged into <code>master</code> yet.
Likewise for any other integration branches e.g. <code>maint</code>, <code>next</code>
and <code>seen</code>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>read mails, save ones that are applicable, and save others
that are not quite ready (other mail readers are available).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>apply them, interactively, with your sign-offs.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>create topic branch as needed and apply, again with sign-offs.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>rebase internal topic branch that has not been merged to the
master or exposed as a part of a stable branch.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>restart <code>seen</code> every time from the next.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>and bundle topic branches still cooking.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>backport a critical fix.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>create a signed tag.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>make sure master was not accidentally rewound beyond that
already pushed out.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>In the output from <code>git</code> <code>show-branch</code>, <code>master</code> should have
everything <code>ko/master</code> has, and <code>next</code> should have
everything <code>ko/next</code> has, etc.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>push out the bleeding edge, together with new tags that point
into the pushed history.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In this example, the <code>ko</code> shorthand points at the Git maintainer&#8217;s
repository at kernel.org, and looks like this:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>(in .git/config)
[remote "ko"]
        url = kernel.org:/pub/scm/git/git.git
        fetch = refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/ko/*
        push = refs/heads/master
        push = refs/heads/next
        push = +refs/heads/seen
        push = refs/heads/maint</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_repository_administration">Repository Administration<a id="ADMINISTRATION"></a></h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A repository administrator uses the following tools to set up
and maintain access to the repository by developers.</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="git-daemon.html">git-daemon(1)</a> to allow anonymous download from
repository.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="git-shell.html">git-shell(1)</a> can be used as a <em>restricted login shell</em>
for shared central repository users.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="git-http-backend.html">git-http-backend(1)</a> provides a server side implementation
of Git-over-HTTP ("Smart http") allowing both fetch and push services.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="gitweb.html">gitweb(1)</a> provides a web front-end to Git repositories,
which can be set-up using the <a href="git-instaweb.html">git-instaweb(1)</a> script.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a href="howto/update-hook-example.html">update hook howto</a> has a good
example of managing a shared central repository.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In addition there are a number of other widely deployed hosting, browsing
and reviewing solutions such as:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>gitolite, gerrit code review, cgit and others.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_examples_4">Examples</h3>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">We assume the following in /etc/services</dt>
<dd>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ grep 9418 /etc/services
git             9418/tcp                # Git Version Control System</pre>
</div>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Run git-daemon to serve /pub/scm from inetd.</dt>
<dd>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ grep git /etc/inetd.conf
git     stream  tcp     nowait  nobody \
  /usr/bin/git-daemon git-daemon --inetd --export-all /pub/scm</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The actual configuration line should be on one line.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Run git-daemon to serve /pub/scm from xinetd.</dt>
<dd>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ cat /etc/xinetd.d/git-daemon
# default: off
# description: The Git server offers access to Git repositories
service git
{
        disable = no
        type            = UNLISTED
        port            = 9418
        socket_type     = stream
        wait            = no
        user            = nobody
        server          = /usr/bin/git-daemon
        server_args     = --inetd --export-all --base-path=/pub/scm
        log_on_failure  += USERID
}</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Check your xinetd(8) documentation and setup, this is from a Fedora system.
Others might be different.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Give push/pull only access to developers using git-over-ssh.</dt>
<dd>
<p>e.g. those using:
<code>$</code> <code>git</code> <code>push/pull</code> <code>ssh://host.xz/pub/scm/project</code></p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ grep git /etc/passwd <b class="conum">(1)</b>
alice:x:1000:1000::/home/alice:/usr/bin/git-shell
bob:x:1001:1001::/home/bob:/usr/bin/git-shell
cindy:x:1002:1002::/home/cindy:/usr/bin/git-shell
david:x:1003:1003::/home/david:/usr/bin/git-shell
$ grep git /etc/shells <b class="conum">(2)</b>
/usr/bin/git-shell</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="colist arabic">
<ol>
<li>
<p>log-in shell is set to /usr/bin/git-shell, which does not
allow anything but <code>git</code> <code>push</code> and <code>git</code> <code>pull</code>.  The users require
ssh access to the machine.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>in many distributions /etc/shells needs to list what is used
as the login shell.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">CVS-style shared repository.</dt>
<dd>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ grep git /etc/group <b class="conum">(1)</b>
git:x:9418:alice,bob,cindy,david
$ cd /home/devo.git
$ ls -l <b class="conum">(2)</b>
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 david git    17 Dec  4 22:40 HEAD -&gt; refs/heads/master
  drwxrwsr-x   2 david git  4096 Dec  4 22:40 branches
  -rw-rw-r--   1 david git    84 Dec  4 22:40 config
  -rw-rw-r--   1 david git    58 Dec  4 22:40 description
  drwxrwsr-x   2 david git  4096 Dec  4 22:40 hooks
  -rw-rw-r--   1 david git 37504 Dec  4 22:40 index
  drwxrwsr-x   2 david git  4096 Dec  4 22:40 info
  drwxrwsr-x   4 david git  4096 Dec  4 22:40 objects
  drwxrwsr-x   4 david git  4096 Nov  7 14:58 refs
  drwxrwsr-x   2 david git  4096 Dec  4 22:40 remotes
$ ls -l hooks/update <b class="conum">(3)</b>
  -r-xr-xr-x   1 david git  3536 Dec  4 22:40 update
$ cat info/allowed-users <b class="conum">(4)</b>
refs/heads/master       alice\|cindy
refs/heads/doc-update   bob
refs/tags/v[0-9]*       david</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="colist arabic">
<ol>
<li>
<p>place the developers into the same git group.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>and make the shared repository writable by the group.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>use update-hook example by Carl from Documentation/howto/
for branch policy control.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>alice and cindy can push into master, only bob can push into doc-update.
david is the release manager and is the only person who can
create and push version tags.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footer">
<div id="footer-text">
Last updated 2025-11-17 16:38:17 UTC
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